Between Tradition and Communication: Realigning Indonesian Maritime English Education with ELF Principles
Keywords:
maritime english, english as lingua franca, english for specific purposes, indonesian maritime academies, language teaching practice
Abstract
Maritime English (ME) is fundamental to ensuring safety in maritime operations and is recognized by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) as the official language at sea, serving as a lingua franca (ELF). To standardize ME instruction, the IMO has developed Model Course 3.17, advocating for an English for Specific Purposes (ESP) teaching approach. This study examines Indonesian maritime teachers' perceptions of ME and their integration of ELF and ESP principles into their teaching practices. Utilizing an online questionnaire with both closed and open-ended questions, the research uncovers a preference among teachers for adhering to native-speaker norms, despite a theoretical acknowledgment of the advantages of ELF. The findings highlight a discrepancy between the recognized needs of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners—who predominantly use English to communicate with other non-native speakers—and current teaching practices. This study calls for an alignment of ME instruction with the linguistic realities faced by mariners, advocating for the inclusion of ELF in pedagogical strategies to better prepare seafarers for global communication challenges.
References
[1] Y. Uchida and N. Tagaki, “What did you say? - Why communication failures occur on the radio in The International Maritime English Conference, 2012, paper 17. Pp. 170-179,” in The International Maritime Conference Proceedings, Yangon, 2012, pp. 170–179.
[2] Y. Zhang and C. Cole, “Maritime English as a code-tailored ESP: Genre-based curriculum development as a way out,” Iberica, no. 35, pp. 145–170, 2018.
[3] A. K. Dissanayake, “A Case for Domain-Specific Research into Seafarers ’ Use of English as a Lingua Franca,” CINEC Academic Journal, no. October, 2017.
[4] B. Seidlhofer, “10. Research Perspectives on Teaching English as A Lingua Franca,” Annu Rev Appl Linguist, vol. 24, pp. 209–239, 2004, doi: DOI: 10.1017/S0267190504000145.
[5] D. Crystal, “Into the Twenty-First Century,” in The Oxford history of English, L. Mugglestone, Ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
[6] D. Crystal, English as A Global Language, Second. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003. [Online]. Available: https://www.cambridge.org/id/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/english-language-and-linguistics-general-interest/english-global-language-2nd-edition-1?format=HB&isbn=9781107611801
[7] A. Cogo, “English as a Lingua Franca: Concepts, use, and implications,” ELT Journal, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 97–105, 2012, doi: 10.1093/elt/ccr069.
[8] J. Jenkins, “English as a Lingua Franca in the Expanding Circle,” in The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes, M. Filppula, J. Klemola, and D. Sharma, Eds., Oxford University Press, 2018, pp. 1–21. doi: 10.4324/9780203798157.
[9] P. John, B. Brooks, and U. Schriever, “Profiling maritime communication by non-native speakers: A quantitative comparison between the baseline and standard marine communication phraseology,” English for Specific Purposes, vol. 47, pp. 1–14, Jul. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.esp.2017.03.002.
[10] S. L. McKay, “English as an international lingua franca pedagogy,” in Handbook of Research in Second Language Teaching and Learning, vol. 2, 2011, pp. 122–139.
[11] S.-H. Choi and J.-S. Park, “The Comparisons of Pronunciation Teaching in Lingua Franca Core and IMO Maritime English Model Course 3.17 for Global Communication at Sea,” Journal of Navigation and Port Research, vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 279–284, Oct. 2016, doi: 10.5394/kinpr.2016.40.5.279.
[12] A. Čulić-Viskota and S. Kalebota, “Maritime English – What does it communicate?,” Transactions on Maritime Science, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 109–114, Oct. 2013, doi: 10.7225/toms.v02.n02.003.
[13] H. Sampson and M. Zhao, “Multilingual crews: Communication and the operation of ships,” World Englishes, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 31–43, 2003, doi: 10.1111/1467-971X.00270.
[14] N. C. Sifakis, “ELF awareness in english language teaching: Principles and processes,” Appl Linguist, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 288–306, Apr. 2019, doi: 10.1093/applin/amx034.
[15] N. Sifakis, “The education of teachers of English as a lingua franca: A transformative perspective,” International Journal of Applied Linguistics, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 355–375, Nov. 2007, doi: 10.1111/j.1473-4192.2007.00174.x.
[16] R. Reko, “Attitudes towards English as a Lingua Franca A Comparative Case Study of ESL/EFL Teachers in Finland and the USA,” 2019.
[17] J. Jenkins, “English as a lingua franca: Interpretations and attitudes,” World Englishes, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 200–207, 2009, doi: 10.1111/j.1467-971X.2009.01582.x.
[18] M. De Meerleer and E. Simon, “Beliefs and attitudes towards English as a lingua franca: native and non-native pronunciation a Flemish and Walloon perspective,” 2011.
[19] P. Kaur, “Attitudes towards English as a Lingua Franca,” Procedia Soc Behav Sci, vol. 118, pp. 214–221, Mar. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.02.029.
[20] U. Schriever, “Maritime Communication in an International and lntercultural Discourse,” University of Tasmania, 2009.
[21] J. Jenkins, A. Cogo, and M. Dewey, “Review of developments in research into English as a lingua franca,” Language Teaching, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 281–315, Jul. 2011, doi: 10.1017/S0261444811000115.
[22] Unctad, Review of Maritime Transport 2019. 2019.
[23] J. Jenkins and C. Leung, “From mythical ‘standard’ to standard reality: The need for alternatives to standardized English language tests,” Language Teaching, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 86–110, Jan. 2019, doi: 10.1017/S0261444818000307.
[24] E. Wenger, Communities of Practice. Cambridge University Press, 1998. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511803932.
[25] A. Pennycook and E. Otsuji, “Mundane metrolingualism,” Int J Multiling, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 175–186, 2019, doi: 10.1080/14790718.2019.1575836.
[2] Y. Zhang and C. Cole, “Maritime English as a code-tailored ESP: Genre-based curriculum development as a way out,” Iberica, no. 35, pp. 145–170, 2018.
[3] A. K. Dissanayake, “A Case for Domain-Specific Research into Seafarers ’ Use of English as a Lingua Franca,” CINEC Academic Journal, no. October, 2017.
[4] B. Seidlhofer, “10. Research Perspectives on Teaching English as A Lingua Franca,” Annu Rev Appl Linguist, vol. 24, pp. 209–239, 2004, doi: DOI: 10.1017/S0267190504000145.
[5] D. Crystal, “Into the Twenty-First Century,” in The Oxford history of English, L. Mugglestone, Ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
[6] D. Crystal, English as A Global Language, Second. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003. [Online]. Available: https://www.cambridge.org/id/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/english-language-and-linguistics-general-interest/english-global-language-2nd-edition-1?format=HB&isbn=9781107611801
[7] A. Cogo, “English as a Lingua Franca: Concepts, use, and implications,” ELT Journal, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 97–105, 2012, doi: 10.1093/elt/ccr069.
[8] J. Jenkins, “English as a Lingua Franca in the Expanding Circle,” in The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes, M. Filppula, J. Klemola, and D. Sharma, Eds., Oxford University Press, 2018, pp. 1–21. doi: 10.4324/9780203798157.
[9] P. John, B. Brooks, and U. Schriever, “Profiling maritime communication by non-native speakers: A quantitative comparison between the baseline and standard marine communication phraseology,” English for Specific Purposes, vol. 47, pp. 1–14, Jul. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.esp.2017.03.002.
[10] S. L. McKay, “English as an international lingua franca pedagogy,” in Handbook of Research in Second Language Teaching and Learning, vol. 2, 2011, pp. 122–139.
[11] S.-H. Choi and J.-S. Park, “The Comparisons of Pronunciation Teaching in Lingua Franca Core and IMO Maritime English Model Course 3.17 for Global Communication at Sea,” Journal of Navigation and Port Research, vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 279–284, Oct. 2016, doi: 10.5394/kinpr.2016.40.5.279.
[12] A. Čulić-Viskota and S. Kalebota, “Maritime English – What does it communicate?,” Transactions on Maritime Science, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 109–114, Oct. 2013, doi: 10.7225/toms.v02.n02.003.
[13] H. Sampson and M. Zhao, “Multilingual crews: Communication and the operation of ships,” World Englishes, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 31–43, 2003, doi: 10.1111/1467-971X.00270.
[14] N. C. Sifakis, “ELF awareness in english language teaching: Principles and processes,” Appl Linguist, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 288–306, Apr. 2019, doi: 10.1093/applin/amx034.
[15] N. Sifakis, “The education of teachers of English as a lingua franca: A transformative perspective,” International Journal of Applied Linguistics, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 355–375, Nov. 2007, doi: 10.1111/j.1473-4192.2007.00174.x.
[16] R. Reko, “Attitudes towards English as a Lingua Franca A Comparative Case Study of ESL/EFL Teachers in Finland and the USA,” 2019.
[17] J. Jenkins, “English as a lingua franca: Interpretations and attitudes,” World Englishes, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 200–207, 2009, doi: 10.1111/j.1467-971X.2009.01582.x.
[18] M. De Meerleer and E. Simon, “Beliefs and attitudes towards English as a lingua franca: native and non-native pronunciation a Flemish and Walloon perspective,” 2011.
[19] P. Kaur, “Attitudes towards English as a Lingua Franca,” Procedia Soc Behav Sci, vol. 118, pp. 214–221, Mar. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.02.029.
[20] U. Schriever, “Maritime Communication in an International and lntercultural Discourse,” University of Tasmania, 2009.
[21] J. Jenkins, A. Cogo, and M. Dewey, “Review of developments in research into English as a lingua franca,” Language Teaching, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 281–315, Jul. 2011, doi: 10.1017/S0261444811000115.
[22] Unctad, Review of Maritime Transport 2019. 2019.
[23] J. Jenkins and C. Leung, “From mythical ‘standard’ to standard reality: The need for alternatives to standardized English language tests,” Language Teaching, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 86–110, Jan. 2019, doi: 10.1017/S0261444818000307.
[24] E. Wenger, Communities of Practice. Cambridge University Press, 1998. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511803932.
[25] A. Pennycook and E. Otsuji, “Mundane metrolingualism,” Int J Multiling, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 175–186, 2019, doi: 10.1080/14790718.2019.1575836.
_(1)(1).png){kind=logo}
