Effectiveness Analysis of Indonesia's Port State Control Inspection Under Tokyo MOU: A Mixed-Methods Approach

Femmy Sofie Schouten; M. Adil  Wanadi; Wisnu Wardana  Kusuma; Agus  Pramono; Dandun  Prakosa; Rio  Laksamana

doi:10.36101/msm.v18i1.415

Femmy Sofie Schouten Indonesia Land Transportation Polytechnic, Bekasi, Indonesia
M. Adil Wanadi Indonesia Land Transportation Polytechnic, Bekasi, Indonesia
Wisnu Wardana Kusuma Indonesia Land Transportation Polytechnic, Bekasi, Indonesia
Agus Pramono Indonesia Land Transportation Polytechnic, Bekasi, Indonesia
Dandun Prakosa Indonesia Land Transportation Polytechnic, Bekasi, Indonesia
Rio Laksamana Indonesia Land Transportation Polytechnic, Bekasi, Indonesia

DOI: https://doi.org/10.36101/msm.v18i1.415

Keywords: Port Port State Control (PSC), Tokyo MOU, maritime safet, ship detention, regulatory compliance

Abstract

Port State Control (PSC) represents a critical mechanism for ensuring maritime safety, environmental protection, and compliance with international shipping regulations. As a member of the Tokyo Memorandum of Understanding (Tokyo MOU), Indonesia conducts PSC inspections to monitor foreign vessels operating within its territorial waters. This study examines the effectiveness of Indonesia's PSC inspections under the Tokyo MOU framework through comprehensive analysis of ship detention trends, common deficiencies, and regulatory enforcement challenges. A mixed-methods research approach is employed, combining quantitative analysis of PSC inspection and detention data from 2018-2022 with qualitative assessments of inspection procedures and regulatory frameworks. Findings indicate that while Indonesia has demonstrated improvement in PSC implementation, significant challenges persist in inspection consistency, resource allocation, and systematic coverage. The study reveals that Indonesia conducts an average of 1,542 annual inspections with a detention rate of 5.2%, yet inspection coverage remains at 35-40% of total foreign vessel arrivals, below the regional average of 70%. The research highlights the critical need for enhanced coordination among maritime authorities, comprehensive inspector training programs, and stricter regulatory compliance mechanisms to optimize inspection effectiveness. The study concludes that implementing a more rigorous and consistent PSC approach will contribute significantly to safer maritime operations and reduced environmental risks. This research contributes to maritime safety literature by providing empirical insights into PSC implementation challenges in developing maritime nations, accompanied by evidence-based policy recommendations to strengthen regulatory practices and advance global maritime safety standards.

References

UNCTAD, International Maritime Trade. 2022. doi: 10.18356/9789213584569c006.

IMO, “Procedures for Port State Control, 2023. Paper A33/Res.1185. IMO-London,” vol. 1155, no. March, 2023.

T. Hansen, “Port State Control Efficiency in Developing Maritime Nations,” Marit. Policy, 2023.

O. Özçayır, Port State Control. Informa Law from Routledge, 2020.

R. Johnson and S. Lee, “Gaps in Flag State Implementation: A Global Analysis,” IMO Press, 2023.

Tokyo MOU, “Annual Report on Port State Control in the Asia-Pacific Region,” 2022.

Y. Wang, Rui-Feng Xu, Q. Lu, W.-J. Li, and K. X. Li, “Risk-Based Port State Control: Lessons from Tokyo MOU,” Transp. Res., 2023.

Maritime Affairs Journal, “Maritime Affairs Journal,” 2023.

L. Chen and W. Zhang, “AI Applications in Port State Control,” J. Marit. Technol., no. 8(1), pp. 112-128., 2024.

J. Chen, Y. Zhao, and T. Zhang, “Policies for Potentially Inundated Island Nations for the Retention of Marine Resources and Rights of Associated Under-Water Features and Exclusive Economic Zones,” Ocean Coast. Manag., 2023.

M. Moniruzzaman, “Enterprise risk management in designing meta-regulation under risk-based regulatory strategy: An empirical evidence from financial regulation,” Glob. J. Manag. Bus. Res. A Adm. Manag., vol. 23, no. 2, 2023.

M. Moniruzzaman, “Risk of regulatory failure of ‘risk-based regulation’ while using enterprise risk management as a meta-regulatory toolkit,” Asian J. Econ. Bank., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 103–121, 2022, doi: 10.1108/ajeb-05-2021-0067.

E. Japar Sidik, A. Baihaqi, and D. Wahyu Utomo, “Comparative Evaluation of the Qualitative and Quantitative Research on English as a Foreign Language (EFL) Policy at Primary Education in Indonesia and Other EFL Contexts,” J. English Lang. Teach. Cult. Stud., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 60–76, 2022, doi: 10.48181/jelts.v5i1.14600.

Global Maritime Review, “Global Maritime Review,” 2023.

DGST, “Laporan Kinerja Instansi Pemerintah Direktorat Jenderal Perhubungan Laut,” 2023.

MSA, “Maritime Safety Agency Facts and Figure,” 2024.

H. Yamamoto and R. Tanaka, “Machinery Deficiencies in Bulk Carriers,” Mar. Eng., vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 201–215, 2024.

T. Hwang, I. H. Youn, S. Lee, and I. Kim, “Efficiency Comparison between Audible and Buzzle Alarms of Electronic Chart Display and Information System Alarm under the Simulated Environment,” J. Mar. Sci. Eng., vol. 10, no. 2, 2022, doi: 10.3390/jmse10020154.

P. Anderson, “Flag State Performance in Global Maritime Governance. Ocean Policy,” Ocean Policy, pp. 15(2), 45-62., 2024.

Tokyo MOU, “Tokyo MOU Port State Control Committee held the 35th Meeting in Incheon, Republic of Korea,” 2024.

Maritime Human Resources Development Center, “Maritime Human Resources Development Center,” 2024.